Cell Surface Carbohydrate Chemistry

Cell Surface Carbohydrate Chemistry is a collection of papers from a symposium of the same title held in San Francisco, U. S. A. on September 1-2, 1976. The book discusses cell biology and carbohydrates, particularly oligosaccharides that make up the glycoproteins and glycolipids in the cell membrane of normal neoplastic cells. One paper discusses the involvement of membranes in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins. One author also analyzes the glycoproteins from the surface of tumor cells. The glycoproteins have complex saccharide structures similar to virus transformed fibroblasts or transformed epithelial cells. Another paper cites the concepts made by Abercrombie and Ambrose regarding distinct galactosyltransferase activity released by tumor cells. Another paper addresses a hypothetical mechanism to explain the control of cell growth by nucleoside efflux through the membrane. One author analyzes the basis for the selectivity of some cancer chemotherapeutic agents-these can also have an effect in the immunity responses of the host against cancer cells. This book can prove useful for the medically-oriented investigator, the biologist, and the scientist involved in molecular chemistry and cancer research.

1;Front Cover;1 2;Cell Surface Carbohydrate Chemistry;4 3;Copyright Page;5 4;Table of Contents;8 5;Dedication;6 6;List of Contributors;10 7;Preface;14 8;Chapter 1. The Involvement of Membranes in the Biosynthesis of Glycoproteins;18 8.1;INTRODUCTION;18 8.2;PEPTIDES AND "ACTIVATED PEPTIDES" IN CELLS;19 8.3;ORIGIN OF THE PEPTIDES AND "ACTIVATED PEPTIDES";21 8.4;ACTIVATED PEPTIDES AS A PRECURSOR OF PROTEINS;21 8.5;OTHER EVIDENCE;23 8.6;DEFICIENCIES OF THE ORTHODOX CONCEPT OF PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS;25 8.7;CONCLUSIONS;27 8.8;REFERENCES;27 9;Chapter 2. Surface Membranes of Tumor Cells;30 9.1;INTRODUCTION;30 9.2;GLYCOPEPTIDE ALTERATIONS IN TUMOR AND VIRUS TRANSFORMED CELLS;31 9.3;COMPARISON OF LOOSELY ASSOCIATED AND INTRINSIC GLYCOPEPTIDES;36 9.4;PURIFICATION OF THE MEMBRANE GLYCOPEPTIDES;38 9.5;SEQUENCING OF GLYCOPEPTIDE V;38 9.6;TENTATIVE STRUCTURE FOR GLYCOPEPTIDE V;39 9.7;IMPLICATIONS OF THE SEQUENCING;40 9.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;42 9.9;REFERENCES;42 10;Chapter 3. The Role of the Golgi Apparatus in the Synthesis of Glycoproteins and Glycolipids;44 10.1;INTRODUCTION;44 10.2;SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF SOME PROTEIN GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASES;46 10.3;SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF SOME GLYCOLIPID GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASES;56 10.4;SYNTHESIS OF SULFATIDES IN VIVO;57 10.5;CONCLUSIONS;60 10.6;NOTATION;62 10.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;63 10.8;REFERENCES;63 11;Chapter 4. Structural Studies on the Major Glycoproteins of the TA3-HA Ascites Tumor Cell;66 11.1;INTRODUCTION;66 11.2;OCCURRENCE AND ISOLATION OF EPIGLYCANIN;67 11.3;COMPOSITION OF THE CARBOHYDRATE MOIETIES IN EPIGLYCANIN;68 11.4;GLYCOPEPTIDE LINKAGES AND THE TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATE CHAINS;70 11.5;IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES;72 11.6;PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CARBOHYDRATE CHAINS IN EPIGLYCANIN BY CHEMICAL METHODS;74 11.7;ISOLATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBOHYDRATE CHAINS;75 11.8;FINE STRUCTURES OF THE CARBOHYDRATE CHAINS;79 11.9;CONCLUSIONS;80 11.10;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;81 11.11;REFERENCES;82 12;Chapter 5. Cell Surface Galactosyltransferase in Mi
tosis, Differentiation, Neoplastic Transformation, and Metastases;84 12.1;INTRODUCTION;85 12.2;GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASES OF THE UNDIFFERENTIATED INTESTINAL CRYPT CELL AND FETAL INTESTINE;86 12.3;LECTIN BINDING SITES, AGGLUTINATION, AND CELL MEMBRANE GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITIES;90 12.4;ANIMAL TUMOR MODELS AND THE RELEASE OF AN ELECTROPHORETICALLY DISTINCT GALACTOSYLTRANSFERASE;93 12.5;CONCLUSIONS;95 12.6;REFERENCES;97 13;Chapter 6. Pertinence of Surface Membrane Changes in Spontaneously and Virally Transformed Cells to the Balance between Tumorigenicity and Immune Rejection;100 13.1;ORIGIN AND BIOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF THE VARIOUS CELL LINES;102 13.2;LABELING AND PREPARATION OF CELL SURFACE MEMBRANES;103 13.3;ANALYSIS OF THE CELL MEMBRANE PREPARATIONS FROM THE VARIOUS CELL LINES;107 13.4;ANTIGENIC DIFFERENCES ON THE CELL SURFACE SOLUBILIZATION AND PURIFICATION OF THE SV40 SPECIFIC ANTIGENS;113 13.5;INTERPRETATION OF THE BIOLOGIC, IMMUNOCHEMICAL, AND BIOCHEMICAL RESULTS;117 13.6;REFERENCES;118 14;Chapter 7. Membrane Glycolipids and Their Relationship to the Structure and Function of Cell Surface Receptors for Glycoprotein Hormones, Bacterial Toxins, and Interferon;120 14.1;INTRODUCTION;121 14.2;THE ROLE OF GANGLIOSIDE OR GANGLIOSIDE-LIKE COMPOUNDS IN THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE THYROTROPIN RECEPTOR;122 14.3;THE ROLE OF GANGLIOSIDE OR GANGLIOSIDE-LIKE COMPOUNDS IN THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF RECEPTORS FOR OTHER GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONES;136 14.4;SIMILARITIES IN THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF RECEPTORS FOR CHOLERA TOXIN AND THE GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONES EXTEND TO INTERFERON;139 14.5;SIMILARITIES IN THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF RECEPTORS FOR CHOLERA TOXIN AND THE GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONES CANNOT ONLY BE EXTENDED TO OTHER BACTERIAL TOXINS BUT THIS RELATIONSHIP HAS POTENTIAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE;142 14.6;THE MECHANISM BY WHICH GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONES, INTERFERON, AND THE BACTERIAL TOXINS EFFECT CELL CHANGES;145 14.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;148 14.8;REFERENCES;148 15;Chapter 8. Str
uctural Studies on Lectins and Lectin-Saccharide Interactions;152 15.1;INTRODUCTION;153 15.2;STRUCTURE OF CON A;154 15.3;DEMETALLIZED CON A;154 15.4;CON A-SACCHARIDE COMPLEX;159 15.5;CHEMICAL DERIVATIVES ON CON A;163 15.6;CONCLUSIONS;164 15.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;165 15.8;REFERENCES;165 16;Chapter 9. Alterations of Surface Glycoconjugates and Cell Morphology Induced by Butyric Acid;170 16.1;INTRODUCTION;171 16.2;EFFECT OF BUTYRATE ON CELL MORPHOLOGY;171 16.3;EFFECT OF BUTYRATE ON GANGLIOSIDE METABOLISM IN HELA;173 16.4;EFFECT OF BUTYRATE ON ENZYME ACTIVITIES;177 16.5;INDUCTION OF SIALYLTRANSFERASE I ACTIVITY;178 16.6;A ROLE FOR CYCLIC AMP?;180 16.7;CORRELATION BETWEEN INDUCTION OF GM3 SYNTHESIS AND MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION BY BUTYRATE;182 16.8;OTHER BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES INDUCED IN HELA CELLS BY BUTYRATE;188 16.9;ROLE OF GM3 IN MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION;193 16.10;CONCLUSIONS;194 16.11;REFERENCES;195 17;Chapter 10. Sugar Composition of Mammalian Cell Surface Membrane: A Function of Carbon Source;198 17.1;INTRODUCTION;198 17.2;METHODS AND MATERIALS;200 17.3;RESULTS;203 17.4;NUCLEOTIDE SUGAR METABOLISM;208 17.5;SUGAR COMPOSITION OF MEMBRANES;213 17.6;DISCUSSION;217 17.7;REFERENCES;219 18;Chapter 11. Initial Studies on the Mechanism of Substrate Adhesion of Normal and Virus-Transformed Cells;222 18.1;INTRODUCTION;223 18.2;IDENTIFICATION OF SUBSTRATE-ATTACHED MATERIAL (SAM);224 18.3;TOPOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION;225 18.4;BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION;226 18.5;SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY;234 18.6;CONCLUSIONS;236 18.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;239 18.8;REFERENCES;239 19;Chapter 12. Surface Glycoproteins of Normal and Abnormal Platelets;242 19.1;INTRODUCTION;242 19.2;PLATELET SURFACE ULTRASTRUCTURE;243 19.3;PLATELET CHARGE;244 19.4;GLYCOPROTEINS OF THE PLATELET SURFACE;245 19.5;SURFACE GLYCOPROTEIN OF ABNORMAL PLATELETS;254 19.6;CONCLUSION;255 19.7;REFERENCES;255 20;Chapter 13. Major Glycosphingolipids of Bovine-Erythrocyte Membranes;258 20.1;INTRODUCTION;259 20.2;EXPERIMENTAL PROCE
DURE;259 20.3;RESULTS;262 20.4;GANGLIOSIDES IN BOVINE ERYTHROCYTES;265 20.5;DISCUSSION;266 20.6;REFERENCES;270 21;Chapter 14. Transferrin Receptor from Rabbit Reticulocyte Membranes;272 21.1;INTRODUCTION;272 21.2;MATERIALS & METHODS;275 21.3;RESULTS;276 21.4;DISCUSSION;280 21.5;SUMMARY;283 21.6;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;284 21.7;REFERENCES;284 22;Chapter 15. Molecular Probes for the Mechanism of D-Glucose Transport across Cellular Membranes;286 22.1;INTRODUCTION;286 22.2;BINDING REQUIREMENTS OF ACTIVE SUGAR TRANSPORT IN HAMSTER INTESTINE;289 22.3;BINDING REQUIREMENTS FOR THE TRANSPORT OF D-GLUCOSE ACROSS THE HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE;291 22.4;THE CYTOCHALASINS AS TRANSPORT PROBES;294 22.5;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;304 22.6;REFERENCES;305 23;Chapter 16. Control of Cell Growth by Nucleoside Efflux through the Membrane;308 23.1;INTRODUCTION;309 23.2;THE PATHWAYS FOR INCORPORATION OF CYTOSINE AND THYMINE INTO DNA;310 23.3;THE CARRIER-MEDIATED TRANSPORT SYSTEM FOR dThd and dUrd;313 23.4;THE EFFLUX OF NUCLEOSIDES AND CELL GROWTH;315 23.5;RATIONALE FOR THE USE OF BrdUrd-OPO2Me;318 23.6;INHIBITION OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEOSIDE INFLUX WITH BrdUrd-OPO2Me;321 23.7;SUMMARY;324 23.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;326 23.9;REFERENCES;326 24;Chapter 17. Cell Surface as a Target for Chemotherapy: Potential Inhibitors of Biosynthesis of the Protein-Carbohydrate Linkage in Glycoproteins;328 24.1;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;350 24.2;REFERENCES;350 25;Index;354