Nematoda

This section of the Handbook of Zoology is intended as a comprehensive and exhaustive account of the biology of the taxa Gastrotricha, Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera, Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, Rotifera, Seisonida and Acanthocephala, covering all relevant topics such as morphology, ecology, phylogeny and diversity. The series is intended to be a detailed and up-to-date account of these taxa. As was the case with the first edition, the Handbook is intended to serve as a reliable resource for decades.

Many of the taxa of this volume are comparatively unknown to many biologists, despite their diversity and importance for example in meiofaunal communities (Gastrotricha, Rotifera, Gnathostomulida), their fascinating recent discoveries (Loricifera and Micrognathozoa), their importance as parasites (many nematodes, Nematomorpha, Acanthocephala) and their importance for evolutionary questions (e. g. Priapulida, Gastrotricha). The groups covered range from those poor in species (such as Micrognathozoa with 2 known species) to the species-rich and diverse Nematoda and their ca. 20. 000 described species. While each taxon is covered by one chapter, nematodes are treated in several chapters dedicated to their structural, taxonomic and ecological diversity.

1;List of contributing authors;13 2;1 Morphology of Nematoda;17 2.1;1.1 General and external morphology;17 2.2;1.2 Integument or body wall;21 2.3;1.3 Musculature (Fig. 1.5 AF);28 2.4;1.4 Nervous system;31 2.5;1.5 Sensory structures;35 2.6;1.6 The digestive system;45 2.7;1.7 Body cavity or pseudocoel;51 2.8;1.8 Secretory-excretory system (S-E system) (Fig. 1.13);53 2.9;1.9 Reproductive system and related reproduction;56 2.10;1.10 Gametes-gametogenesis;63 2.11;Literature;67 3;2 Reproduction and development in Nematodes;77 3.1;2.1 Introduction;77 3.2;2.2 Reproduction;78 3.3;2.3 Sex determination;79 3.4;2.4 Embryonic development;81 3.5;2.5 Postembryonic development;107 3.6;2.6 Concluding remarks;119 3.7;Literature;119 4;3 Ecology of free-living marine nematodes;125 4.1;3.1 General introduction;125 4.2;3.2 Spatial distribution patterns;125 4.3;3.3 Nematode abundance and diversity across marine habitats;128 4.4;3.4 Nematode biomass patterns;133 4.5;3.5 Nematode community composition patterns across marine habitats;134 4.6;3.6 Disturbance and pollution;137 4.7;3.7 Dispersal, colonization, population genetic structure and cryptic diversity of marine nematodes;141 4.8;3.8 Feeding ecology;144 4.9;3.9 Marine nematodes and energy flow;150 4.10;3.10 Trophic and non-trophic interactions with macrofauna;152 4.11;3.11 Nematodes and ecosystem functioning;153 4.12;Literature;156 5;4 Ecology of Freshwater Nematodes;169 5.1;4.1 Morphology, collection and identification;169 5.2;4.2 Species richness;170 5.3;4.3 Abundance and species composition;172 5.4;4.4 Autecology of freshwater nematodes;175 5.5;4.5 Feeding types of freshwater nematodes;176 5.6;4.6 Role of nematodes in the benthic food web;177 5.7;4.7 Production and biomass;180 5.8;4.8 Ecotoxicology and applied ecology;181 5.9;4.9 Conclusion;181 5.10;Literature;182 6;5 Outline on nematode phylogeny;187 6.1;Literature;187 7;6 Palaeontology of nematodes;189 7.1;6.1 Introduction;189 7.2;6.2 Types of nematode fossils;189 7.3;6.3 Systemati
cs of fossil nematodes;190 7.4;6.4 Questionable fossil nematodes;193 7.5;6.5 Summary;193 7.6;Literature;194 8;7 Taxonomy;195 8.1;7.1 Order Benthimermithida Tchesunov, 1995;195 8.1.1;7.1.1 Diagnosis;195 8.1.2;7.1.2 Distribution, biology and ecology;195 8.1.3;7.1.3 Sytematics and phylogeny;197 8.1.4;7.1.4 Key to genera;201 8.1.5;Literature;201 8.2;7.2 Order Rhaptothyreida Tchesunov, 1995;203 8.2.1;7.2.1 Diagnosis;203 8.2.2;7.2.2 Distribution, biology, and ecology;203 8.2.3;7.2.3 Systematics and phylogeny;206 8.2.4;Literature;208 8.3;7.3 Order Enoplida;209 8.3.1;7.3.1 Introduction;209 8.3.2;7.3.2 Morphology;209 8.3.3;7.3.3 Classification;214 8.3.4;Acknowledgements;262 8.3.5;Literature;262 8.4;7.4 Order Triplonchida Cobb, 1919;267 8.4.1;7.4.1 Introduction;267 8.4.2;7.4.2 Morphology;267 8.4.3;7.4.3 Phylogeny and taxonomy;267 8.4.4;7.4.4 Tobrilidae De Coninck, 1965;268 8.4.5;7.4.5 Tripylidae de Man, 1876;273 8.4.6;7.4.6 Onchulidae Andrássy, 1963;275 8.4.7;7.4.7 Prismatolaimidae Micoletzky, 1922;278 8.4.8;7.4.8 Bastianiidae De Coninck, 1965;281 8.4.9;7.4.9 Odontolaimidae Gerlach & Riemann, 1974;283 8.4.10;7.4.10 Triodontolaimidae De Coninck, 1965;284 8.4.11;7.4.11 Rhabdodemaniidae Filipjev, 1934;284 8.4.12;7.4.12 Pandolaimidae Belogurov, 1980;286 8.4.13;7.4.13 Diphterophoridae Micoletzky, 1922;287 8.4.14;7.4.14 Trichodoridae Thorne, 1935;289 9;Literature;291 9.1;7.5 Order Dorylaimida Pearse, 1942;293 9.1.1;7.5.1 Diagnosis;293 9.1.2;7.5.2 Morphology;293 9.1.3;7.5.3 Diversity and systematics;297 9.1.4;7.5.4 Notes on the biology of Dorylaimida;312 9.1.5;Acknowledgments;312 9.1.6;Literature;312 9.2;7.6 Order Mononchida Jairajpuri, 1969;315 9.2.1;7.6.1 Diagnosis;315 9.2.2;7.6.2 General morphology of Mononchina;315 9.2.3;7.6.3 General morphology of Bathyodontina;319 9.2.4;7.6.4 Diversity and taxonomy;321 9.2.5;7.6.5 Notes on their biology;326 9.2.6;Acknowledgments;327 9.2.7;Literature;327 9.3;7.7 Order Isolaimiida Cobb, 1920;329 9.3.1;7.7.1 Introduction;329 9.3.2;7.7.2 Isolaimii
dae Timm, 1969;329 9.3.3;Literature;332 9.4;7.8 Order Dioctophymatida;333 9.4.1;7.8.1 Introduction;333 9.4.2;7.8.2 Morphology;334 9.4.3;7.8.3 Reproduction and development;336 9.4.4;7.8.4 Phylogeny and taxonomy;336 9.4.5;7.8.5 Genus Dioctophyme Collet-Meygret, 1802;336 9.4.6;7.8.6 Eustrongylides Jägerskiöld, 1909;337 9.4.7;7.8.7 Hystrichis Dujardin, 1845;342 9.4.8;7.8.8 Soboliphyme Petrow, 1930;344 9.4.9;Acknowledgements;347 9.4.10;Literature;347 9.5;7.9 Order Muspiceida;351 9.5.1;7.9.1 Historical diagnosis;351 9.5.2;7.9.2 Morphology;352 9.5.3;7.9.3 Life cycle;356 9.5.4;7.9.4 Diversity and taxonomy;356 9.5.5;7.9.5 Superfamily Muspiceoidea Roman, 1965;358 9.5.6;Literature;358 9.6;7.10 Order Marimermithida Rubtzov 1980, emend. Tchesunov 1995;361 9.6.1;7.10.1 Diagnosis;361 9.6.2;7.10.2 Distribution, biology and ecology;361 9.6.3;7.10.3 Systematics and phylogeny;363 9.6.4;7.10.4 Key to genera;363 9.6.5;7.10.5 Notes on systematics of Marimermithida;365 9.6.6;Literature;366 9.7;7.11 Order Desmoscolecida;367 9.7.1;7.11.1 Distribution and ecology (Fig. 7.83);367 9.7.2;7.11.2 Morphology;368 9.7.3;7.11.3 Systematics;377 9.7.4;Literature;386 9.8;7.12 Order Chromadorida Chitwood, 1933;389 9.8.1;7.12.1 Family Chromadoridae Filipjev, 1917;389 9.8.2;7.12.2 Family Cyatholaimidae Filipjev, 1918;400 9.8.3;7.12.3 Family Achromadoridae Gerlach & Riemann, 1973;406 9.8.4;7.12.4 Family Ethmolaimidae Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941;406 9.8.5;7.12.5 Family Neotonchidae Wieser & Hopper, 1966;406 9.8.6;7.12.6 Family Selachinematidae Cobb, 1915;408 9.8.7;Literature;412 9.9;7.13 Order Desmodorida De Coninck, 1965;415 9.9.1;7.13.1 Superfamily Desmodoroidea Filipjev, 1922;415 9.9.2;7.13.2 Superfamily Microlaimoidea Micoletzky, 1922;435 9.9.3;Literature;448 9.10;7.14 Order Monhysterida Filipjev, 1929;451 9.10.1;7.14.1 Superfamily Siphonolaimoidea Filipjev, 1918;451 9.10.2;7.14.2 Superfamily Sphaerolaimoidea Filipjev, 1918;460 9.10.3;7.14.3 Superfamily Monhysteroidea Filipjev, 1929;476 9.10.4;
Acknowledgments;479 9.10.5;Literature;479 9.11;7.15 Order Araeolaimida De Coninck, & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1933;483 9.11.1;7.15.1 Family Axonolaimidae Filipjev, 1918;483 9.11.2;7.15.2 Family Bodonematidae;488 9.11.3;7.15.3 Family Comesomatidae Filipjev, 1918;489 9.11.4;7.15.4 Family Coninckiidae Lorenzen, 1981;496 9.11.5;7.15.5 Family Diplopeltidae Filipjev, 1918;497 9.11.6;Acknowledgments;501 9.11.7;Literature;501 9.12;7.16 Order Plectida Gadea, 1973;503 9.12.1;7.16.1 Introduction;503 9.12.2;7.16.2 Suborder Plectina;504 9.12.3;7.16.3 Suborder Ceramonematina;534 9.12.4;Acknowledgments;549 9.12.5;Literature;549 9.13;7.17 Order Rhabditina: Rhabditidae;553 9.13.1;7.17.1 Scientific significance of Rhabditidae;553 9.13.2;7.17.2 Rhabditidae as a paraphyletic taxon;553 9.13.3;7.17.3 Stemspecies pattern of Rhabditidae (Rhabditina);553 9.13.4;7.17.4 Systematics;555 9.13.5;7.17.5 Habitats and modes of life;555 9.13.6;7.17.6 Convergences or parallelisms in morphology a view on diversity;556 9.13.7;7.17.7 Striking characteristics of single lineages;564 9.13.8;7.17.8 Biogeography;567 9.13.9;7.17.9 Speciation;567 9.13.10;Literature;569 9.14;7.18 Order Strongylida (Railliet & Henry, 1913);573 9.14.1;7.18.1 Introduction;573 9.14.2;7.18.2 Morphology and taxonomy;573 9.14.3;7.18.3 Phylogeny;574 9.14.4;7.18.4 Biology and ecology;577 9.14.5;7.18.5 Suborder Strongylina (Weinland, 1858 superfamily) Durette-Desset & Chabaud, 1993;578 9.14.6;7.18.6 Suborder Ancylostomatina (Looss, 1905 subfamily) Durette-Desset & Chabaud, 1993;587 9.14.7;7.18.7 Suborder Trichostrongylina (Leiper 1908, family) Durette-Desset & Chabaud, 1993;590 9.14.8;7.18.8 Suborder Metastrongylina (Lane, 1917 superfamily) Durette-Desset & Chabaud, 1993;616 9.14.9;Literature;624 9.15;7.19 Order Tylenchida Thorne, 1949;629 9.15.1;7.19.1 Origin of Tylenchida;629 9.15.2;7.19.2 Suborder Tylenchina Chitwood in Chitwood and Chitwood, 1950;631 9.15.3;7.19.3 Suborder Hoplolaimina Chizhov & Berezina, 1988;633 9.15.4;7.19.4 Suborder
Criconematina Siddiqi, 1980;645 9.15.5;7.19.5 Suborder Hexatylina Siddiqi, 1980;648 9.15.6;Literature;651 9.16;7.20 Order Camallanida: Superfamilies Anguillicoloidea and Camallanoidea;653 9.16.1;7.20.1 Superfamily Anguillicoloidea;653 9.16.2;7.20.2 Superfamily Camallanoidea;654 9.16.3;Acknowledgements;658 9.16.4;Appendix;659 9.16.5;Literature;674 9.17;7.21 Order Spirurida;677 9.17.1;7.21.1 Introduction;677 9.17.2;7.21.2 Superfamily Gnathostomatoidea Railliet, 1895;678 9.17.3;7.21.3 Superfamily Physalopteroidea Railliet, 1893;682 9.17.4;7.21.4 Superfamily Rictularioidea Hall, 1913;687 9.17.5;7.21.5 Superfamily Thelazioidea Skrjabin, 1915;691 9.17.6;7.21.6 Superfamily Spiruroidea Oerley, 1885;697 9.17.7;7.21.7 Superfamily Habronematoidea Chitwood & Wehr, 1932;703 9.17.8;7.21.8 Superfamily Acuarioidea Railliet, Henry & Sisoff, 1912;709 9.17.9;7.21.9 Superfamily Aproctoidea Yorke & Maplestone, 1926;717 9.17.10;7.21.10 Superfamily Diplotriaenoidea Skrjabin, 1916;721 9.17.11;7.21.11 Superfamily Filarioidea Weinland, 1858;724 9.17.12;Acknowledgements;735 9.17.13;Literature;735 9.17.14;Glossary;748 10;Index;749